A table comparing the tax treatment of contributions, investment growth, and withdrawals for HSAs with that of other tax-advantaged and taxable account types. HSA contributions are made pre-tax, investment growth is tax-deferred, and withdrawals are tax-free. Roth IRA or employer plan contributions are made after-tax, investment growth is tax-deferred, and withdrawals are tax-free. Traditional IRA or employer plan contributions are pre-tax, investment grown is tax-deferred, and withdrawals are taxable. 529 plan contributions are made after-tax, investment growth is tax-deferred, and withdrawals are tax-free. Taxable investment account contributions are made after-tax, investment growth is taxable, and capital gains are taxed upon withdrawal.