Despite the uncertainty created by a shutdown, our guidance for investors remains the same: Tune out the noise and stick with your long-term investment plan.

Past government shutdowns paused nonessential activities in various government departments—for example, national parks and museums have closed. Critical federal functions such as the Postal Service, payment of Social Security benefits, and air traffic control staffing generally were not affected. The scope of these pauses can vary across shutdowns, and each government agency within the affected departments and agencies will publish guidance clearly defining the scope of its activities during a shutdown. Federal shutdowns don’t affect state and local government functions that are not dependent on federal funding.

Shutdowns have occurred more than 20 times since 1976. Unlike a U.S. debt default, a shutdown does not affect the government’s ability to pay its obligations, and, as noted, many critical services continue.

Although there can be market volatility during a shutdown, history reveals no clear relationship between shutdowns and market returns. Markets might experience heightened volatility in response to the uncertainty in Washington. However, markets have historically had mixed reactions to government shutdowns, with equities finishing in positive territory more than half the time (as noted in the accompanying chart). In the seven instances where shutdowns have lasted 10 days or more, the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index fell four times within the shutdown period and rose three times. The worst return, –4.4%, came during a shutdown in 1979.

The results are similar for fixed income securities as bond market activity surrounding U.S. government shutdowns since 1976 shows an even split between positive and negative returns for fixed income.¹

The economic effects of a shutdown depend largely on its duration. The Congressional Budget Office estimated that the 2018–2019 shutdown, the longest on record, shaved 0.1% off real GDP in the fourth quarter of 2018 and 0.2% in the first quarter of 2019. The shutdown dampened economic activity mainly because of the loss of furloughed federal workers’ contribution to GDP, the delay in federal spending on goods and services, and the reduction in aggregate demand (which then dampened private-sector activity).

A government shutdown is only one of many factors, both positive and negative, that affect markets. Too many variables are involved to accurately predict the effects as history shows.

Political divisions in Washington have made the threat of government shutdowns more common in recent years. Although this is not an ideal practice and a prolonged shutdown could have broader short-term market and economic effects, what’s most important is that investors remain disciplined, diversified, and patient during such an event.

• Possible debt ceiling outcomes, implications for investors (audiocast, issued May 2023)
• The debt ceiling: What history tells us (video, issued May 2023)
• Commentary on public policy (webpage on Vanguard’s views on public policy proposals; last updated January 2024)